Productivity and ROI Analysis by Design Phase based on BIM- Case Study on Small-Scale Design Offices -

Yong-Yeon Kim; Yun-Gu Lee; Nam-Hyuk Ham; Jae-Jun Kim

doi:10.13161/kibim.2025.15.2.015

All Issue

2025 Vol.15, Issue 2 Preview Page Next Page

Research Article

Productivity and ROI Analysis by Design Phase based on BIM- Case Study on Small-Scale Design Offices - BIM 중심 설계 업무의 단계별 생산성 및 ROI 분석 연구- 소규모 설계사무소를 중심으로 -

30 June 2025. pp. 15-27

PDF XML

Abstract

Although the adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM) is increasingly emphasized due to the growing complexity and scale of the construction industry, the global and domestic use of BIM remains largely focused on regulatory compliance through transitional implementation. While economic factors are the primary barriers, clear benefits of BIM adoption have been identified, particularly for small-scale architectural firms in Korea. This study analyzes 26 case projects located within the same public housing district to quantitatively assess productivity and return on investment (ROI) across different design phases—schematic design (SD), design development (DD), and construction documentation (CD). Labor productivity was compared between 2D-based and BIM-based design approaches based on unit area cost. Additionally, ROI was calculated using a proposed phase-specific ROI formula to analyze (1) the ROI difference between 2D and BIM-based design and (2) changes in ROI relative to the number of years since BIM adoption. The findings indicate that BIM-based design exhibits lower productivity in early phases due to front-loaded tasks, but productivity consistently improves as the design phases progress, supported by increased data connectivity. While ROI remains negative during SD and DD, it shows a significant increase in the CD phase. Moreover, firms with longer BIM experience demonstrated higher and more stable ROI. This study contributes by presenting a practical phase-based ROI measurement method and providing quantitative indicators that clarify the value of BIM implementation in the design phase. The research concludes with a discussion of its implications and suggestions for future study.

Keywords

BIM

ROI

Design Phase

Productivity

키워드

빌딩정보보델링

투자 대비 수익률

설계 단계

생산성

References

Autodesk (2007). BIM's Return on Investment, Autodesk.

Banihashemi, S., Shourangiz, E., Hassanabadi, M. (2011). Flexibility of BIM Towards Design Change. IPEDR, 15, pp. 79- 83.

Barazzetti, L., Banfi, F., Brumana, R., Previtali, M. (2015). Creation of Parametric BIM Objects from Point Clouds Using NURBS, The Photogrammetric Record, 30(152), pp. 339-362.

10.1111/phor.12122

Cho, H. J., Kim, Y. S., Ma, Y. K. (2013). A Study of LOD (Level of Detail) for BIM Model Applied the Design Process, Journal of KIBIM, 3(1), pp. 1-10.

10.13161/kibim.2013.3.1.001

DEVB (2024). Adoption of Building Information Modelling for Capital Works Projects in Hong Kong, https://www.corenet.gov.sg, (Jun. 4. 2024).

Eastman, C. M. (2011). BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.

Jeon, J., Kim, H. M. (2023). Exploring Effective Workforce Management and Integrated BIM Design in Architectural Firms - A Comparative Analysis of Multifamily Housing Projects in Korea and the United States, Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, 39(12), pp. 79-88.

Kim, I. H., Park, S. H., Lee, J. A. (2012). A Study on the Feature- based Modeling of Han-ok and the Development of a Parametric BIM Library Browser, Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design, 28(5), pp. 87-94.

Kim, I., Lee, S., Choi, J. (2021). Proposal of Development and Application of the Buildings by Use Classification System for openBIM-based Automatic Rule Checking, Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering, 26(4), pp. 408-417.

10.7315/CDE.2021.408

Kim, M. J., Lee, K. H., Son, C. B. (2014). An Status Analysis on the BIM Utilization and its Improvement Measures in Domestic Architects, Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction, 30(8), pp. 79-86.

10.5659/JAIK_SC.2014.30.8.79

Kim, Y. J., Kim, H. S., Kim, M. K. (2016). A Study on the Ranging of Phased BIM Introduction Into the Architectural Information System, Journal of the Korea Academia- Industrial cooperation Society, 17(10), pp. 131-138.

10.5762/KAIS.2016.17.10.131

Kyung, S. E., Kang, C., Kim, M. G., Ko, I. R. (2019). Study Regarding Deduction of Introduction of BIM and BIM Education in Small- and Middle-sized Architecture Design Firms: A Basic Study on Development of Practice\_ based Education Process for Adoption of BIM (1). In Proceedings of the Architectural Institute of Korea Conference, 39(1), pp. 148-149.

Lee, J. H., Jun, H. J. (2007). A Study on the Adaptability of BIM-based integrated Building Design Process in Domestic Architectural Design Firms, Korean institute of Interior Design Journal, 16(6), pp. 19-27.

Lee, J. S., Lee, S. Y. (2023). A Study of the Integrated Design Process with the Use of VR Technology - Focused on Differences between Architectural Design Process and the Integrated Design Process with the Use of BIM, Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, 39(7), pp. 87-97.

Lee, S. H., Kim, Y. S. (2011). An Efficiency Evaluation of the Design Stage in Large Architectural Firms based on Waste Factors Analysis, Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, 27(1), pp. 197-204.

Liao, L., Teo, E. A. L., Li, L., Zhao, X., Wu, G. (2021). Reducing Non-Value-Adding BIM Implementation Activities for Building Projects in Singapore: Leading Causes, Journal of Management in Engineering, 37(3), 05021003.

10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000900

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) (2022). S-Construction 2030: Strategy for Revitalizing Smart Cons truction, htps://www.molit.go.kr/srocm/USR/N0201/m_13551/dtl.jsp?lcmspage=17&id=95086971 (Mar. 12. 2015).

Olanrewaju, O. I., Kineber, A. F., Chileshe, N., Edwards, D. J. (2022). Modelling the Relationship between Building Information Modelling (BIM) implementation Barriers, usage and awareness on building project lifecycle, Building and Environment, 207, 108556.

10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108556

Park, K. J., Ock, J. H. (2022). A Study on How to Securing Information Continuity During the Architectural Design BIM Collaboration Process, Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, 38(8), pp. 43-52.

Qian, A. Y. (2012). Benefits and ROI of BIM for Multi- Disciplinary Project Management, National University of Singapore, 988, pp. 1-45.

Reizgevičius, M., Ustinovičius, L., Cibulskienė, D., Kutut, V., Nazarko, L. (2018). Promoting Sustainability through Investment in Building Information Modeling (BIM) Technologies: A Design Company Perspective, Sustainability, 10(3), 600.

10.3390/su10030600

Sacks, R., Eastman, C., Lee, G., Teicholz, P. (2018). BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Designers, Engineers, Contractors, and Facility Managers (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.

10.1002/9781119287568PMC6263936

Sompolgrunk, A., Banihashemi, S., Mohandes, S. R. (2023). Building Information Modelling (BIM) and the Return on Investment: A Systematic Analysis, Construction Innovation, 23(1), pp. 129-154.

10.1108/CI-06-2021-0119

Son, J., Ock, J. (2016). A Study on Measurement Method of BIM ROI in Architectural Design Firm. Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering, 21(3), pp. 267-280.

10.7315/CDE.2016.267

Yu, J., Park, M., Lee, J., Yeo, C. (2016). Introduction to the OpenBIM-based Design Cooperation (KBIM Collaboration) and The Permission Application Support System (KBIM Submission), Korea Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 17(4), pp. 41-46.

Zang, H., Lee, G., Lee, K. (2023). A Comparative Analysis of BIM Adoption in South Korea between 2020 and 2023, In Proceeding of Conference in Architectural Institute of Korea, Architectural Institute of Korea, 43(1), 985

Information

Publisher :Journal of KIBIM
Publisher(Ko) :한국BIM학회
Journal Title :Journal of KIBIM
Journal Title(Ko) :한국BIM학회논문집
Volume : 15
No :2
Pages :15-27
Received Date : 2025-04-09; 2025-05-13
Accepted Date : 2025-05-13
DOI :https://doi.org/10.13161/kibim.2025.15.2.015

Journal of KIBIM ISSN:2288-1697(Print) 2288-1697(Online) 한국BIM학회논문집

All Issue